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Azan is initiated
The Prophet consulted the Sahabah about how to formally call people to the five salahs. Suggestions were given but none were accepted. Later Zayd b. Abd Rabbihi saw a dream with the wording of Azan and in the morning told the Prophet. The Prophet instructed Bilal b. Rabah to give the Azan and told Zayd to do the Iqamah.
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Ghazwah Abwa
The Prophet leads 70 men towards to intercept the trade caravan under Abu Jahl. No combat occured. The Prophet formed an alliance with Banu Damrah.
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Ghazwah Buwat
The Prophet leads a 200 men raiding party towards Buwat to intercept the Quraysh trade caravan under Umayyah b. Khalf.
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Ghazwah Ushayrah
The Prophet led around 200 men to Zul Ushayrah to ambush the caravan of the Quraysh under Abu Sufyan which was heading towards Syria.
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Ghazwah Badr
The first pitched battle in Islam. Around 300 plus Muslims led by the Prophets stand against 1000 well-armed men of the Quraysh led by Abu Jahl. The Muslims win and many of the enemy leaders of the Quraysh die. Quran 2:123-26.
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Abu Lahab dies
Abu Lahab b. Abdul Muttalib, the wretched uncle and enemy of Islam, dies a horrible death. He did not go to Badr but paid someone to fight on his behalf. Abu Rafi (a believer but a slave of Abbas) in Makkah could not contain his joy at the news of the Muslim victory. Abu Lahab was vexed and attacked Abu Rafi. Lubaba, the wife of Abbas, knocked Abu Lahab in the head. The wound became septic and he died within a few days. His body decayed and he was buried out of sight.
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Ruqayyah, the Prophet’s daughter, passes away
The Prophet's second daughter and wife of Uthman b. Affan passes away, age 21 - May Allah Almighty be pleased with her. At the time of her demise, the Prophet was away in Battle at Badr and left behind Uthman b. Affan to tend to her.
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Ghazwah Banu Gaynuqa
Banu Qaynuqa broke their pact by harassing a woman and killing Muslim man. The Prophet laid siege to their fort for 15 days. A truce was reached and Banu Qaynuqa were expelled. Quran 3:118.
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Ghazwah Sawiq
Also known as Ghazwah Sawiq. A contingent of the Quraysh led by Abu Sufyan raided a field in Urayd nearby Madinah. The Prophet set out to engage them. The Raiders abandoned their spoils which included wheat (saweeq) to allow fast travel and fled.
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Ghazwah Zu Amr
This expedition is also called Ghazwah Ghatafan. Upon hearing that Banu Thalabah and Banu Muharib (both of Ghatfan) are amassing a force to attack Madinah, The Prophet rode to Zu Amr to meet them. When he arrived, the enemy fled to the mountain. The Prophet stayed the month till the end of Safar to enforce his presence in the region.
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Ghazwah Burhan
News reached that Banu Sulaym have amassed a force to launch an attack. The Prophet gathers 300 men to intercept. Banu Sulaym fled when the Prophet reached Burhan.
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Ghazwah Uhad
The Quraysh come in force to attack Madinah. The Prophet advances and meets them on the foot of Mt. Uhad. The Muslim initially win but then suffer a defeat. More than 70 Muslims are martyred including the Prophet's beloved uncle, Hamzah b. Abdul Muttalib. Quran 3:152.
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The Prophet marries Hafsah bt. Umar
The Prophet marries Umm Muminin Hafsah bt. Umar b. Khattab of House Adi. She was a widow of Khunays b. Huzafah of House Sahm who died due to injuries sustained in Uhud - he was a sabiqun and fought in Badr. She was 22 at the time of her marriage to the Prophet. She passed away in 45 AH (665 CE) aged 59; she spent 8 years with the Prophet.
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The Prophet marries Zaynab bt. Khuzaymah
The Prophet marries Umm Muminin Zaynab bt. Khuzaymah of House Amir b. Sa'sa' from the Hawazin Tribe. She was the widow of Ubaydah b. Harith of House Muttalib who was martyred in Badr. He was a sabiqun (early Muslim). She had ten children from him. She was 28 at the time of her marriage. She was also known as Umm Masakin (mother of the poor) due to her extra care for them.
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The Prophet marries Umm Salamah
The Prophet marries Umm Mu'minin Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her). She was the widow of the Sahabi and the foster brother of the Prophet, Abu Salamah.
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Ghazwah Banu Mustaliq
The battle is also known as Ghazwah Muraysi'.
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Provision for tayammum made
Some have suggested that tayammum was allowed for the first during the Mustaliq journey when Umm Muminin Aysha lost her necklace. Due to the delay water provision ran low and the verses were revealed. Others have suggested that the necklace incident occurred at a later incident. Allah knows best.
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Qazf law enacted
Qazf is to accuse a chaste married woman of adultery without proof. The punishment for not being able to prove was set to 80 lashes. The context was surrounding the incident of Ifk where the hypocrites started a malicious rumour about Umm Mu'minin Aysha. Allah Almighty absolved her via verses and chastised those who spread the rumour.
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Ghazwah Khandaq
The Quraysh, Hawazin, Ghatfan, Yahud and other hostile tribes unite in a confederation to Attack Madinah. The local Yahud tribes break their pact with the Muslims and aid the enemy. The Prophet has a trench built and defends Madinah. After a month's siege, the enemy disband. Quran 33:9-13.
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Ghazwah Banu Qurayzah
The siege of Banu Qurayzah was the result of them breaking the pact and helping the enemies against the Muslim during the battle of Khandaq. It lasted 25 days. Quran 9:102-4, 33:25-7.
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The Prophet marries Zaynab bt. Jahsh
Quran 33:40 and 33:5.
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Romans defeat the Persians
The Byzantine under Emperor Heraclius defeats the Sassanid Persians in Nineveh. The Shah Chosroes II is killed by his son Kavadh II, the new emperor who sues for peace and agrees to give back all annexed territories. The Romans win the war as foretold in the Quran (Surah Rum) 10 years before.
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Bay’at Ridhwan
News reached that Usman b. Affan, the emissary of the Prophet to the Quraysh, may have been executed. The Prophet stood under a tree and took a pledge and of the people who came with him, that if it true then they would avenge his death. Usman b. Affan was alive but seeing the resolve of the Muslims, the Quraysh opted to pursue a ceasefire with the treaty of Hudaybiyyah. cf. Quran 48: 18-19
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Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Quran 48:1
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Letters to heads of state
The Prophet sends letters to the kingdoms of Ethiopia, Egypt, Syria, Yamamah and Bahrain and the Persian and Roman empires inviting them to Islam.
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Mariah bt Sham’un joins the Prophet
Muqawqis, the king of Egypt, gifts the Prophet, two slaves; Mariah bt. Sham'un and her sister. The Prophet keeps Umm Muminin Mariah who accepts Islam and opts to stay in servitude.
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Mut’a is prohibited
The practice of temporary marriage (mut'a) which was done by some as a matter of convenience whilst in a long journey is banned.
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Ghazwah Wadi al-Qura
The Prophet laid siege on the Yahud colony in Wadi al-Qura. The siege lasted two days. The Muslims won. This marks the end of the war on Khaybar which started due to the support of the region against the Muslims during the siege of Khandaq (5 AH).
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Umrah Qadha
As per the agreement in the treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Muslims returned unarmed to perform Umrah. Quran 48:27.
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Zaynab, the daughter of the Prophet, passes away
The Prophet's eldest daughter of the Prophet and wife of Abul 'As b. Rabi' passes away, age 30 - May Allah Almighty be pleased with them. She was survived by two children, Ali and Umamah.
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Battle of Muta
The Byzantines killed an emissary of the Prophet so he sent an army of 3000 men to retaliate. The Muslims met the Byzantines in Muta and they were heavily outnumbered. Zayd b. Harithah of House Hashim led the force with Jafar b. Abu Talib of House Hashim as second in command and Abdullah b. Rawahah as third. All three were martyred. Khalid b. Walid of House Makhzum then took command. They fought gallantly but then tactically withdrew having made their point.
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Fath Makkah
The Allies of the Quraysh with the support their support attack those under Muslim protection, thus, breaking the ceasefire. The Prophet marches upon Makkah with a force of 10000. He takeover Makkah with relatively few loss of life. Quran 110:1-3.
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Ghazwah Awtas
This expedition occurred between battle of Hunayn and the siege of Ta'if.
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Hypocrite base (dirar masjid) demolished
The hypocrites with the support of foreign powers build a fake mosque in Quba to create dissent and divide the Muslim community. The Prophet orders its demolition.
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Umm Qulthum, the Prophet’s daughter, passes away
The Prophet's third daughter and wife of Uthman b. Affan passes away, aged 27 - May Allah Almighty be pleased with her. At the time of her demise, the Prophet was away in Battle at Badr and left behind Uthman b. Affan to tend to her.
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Provision for Li’an made
The punishment for accusing a chaste married woman of adultery without proof (Qazf) is 80 lashes. The required proof for the accuser is that they must provide four upright Muslim freemen who directly witnessed the act. Hilal b. Ummayah saw his wife committing adultery. The Prophet asked him for proof as per the law. Hilal considered it against his honour to call others to observe the vile act of his wife. The Prophet understood and the verses were revealed which exempted the husband from Qazf penalty so long as they both followed the process of Li'an.
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Hajj becomes obligatory
Hajj is made compulsory. The Prophet sends Abu Bakr Siddiq to perform Hajj in 9AH and make arrangement for the Prophet's hajj for the following year.
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Ibrahim, the Prophet’s son, passes away
The Prophet's third and only surviving son passes away in his infancy (16-21 months) - May Allah Almighty have mercy on him. The Prophet shed tears but did not complain. There was a solar eclipse that day but the Prophet warned that it is not because of the death of his son.
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Farewell Hajj
The Prophets perform Hajj. Muslims from all over join him. The Prophet bid farewell to the people and gave a parting advice. See https://hajj.uloom.com/
